Parotitis, commonly called mumps, is a viral infection affecting the salivary glands, particularly the parotid glands on either side of the face, just below and in front of the ears. This condition is primarily caused by the mumps virus, which spreads through respiratory droplets from an infected person’s coughs or sneezes. While parotitis is now relatively rare due to widespread vaccination efforts, understanding its causes, symptoms, and potential complications remains crucial.
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Causes And Symptoms
The mumps virus is highly contagious and can be easily transmitted from person to person through close contact or sharing utensils and drinks. Once the virus enters the body, it incubates for about 14 to 18 days before symptoms become apparent. Initial signs of parotitis include fever, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, and loss of appetite. The hallmark symptom, however, is the swelling of one or both parotid glands, leading to a characteristic “hamster-like” appearance. The swelling usually lasts a week to ten days and can cause discomfort and difficulty in swallowing and speaking.
Complications
While most cases of parotitis resolve independently, the infection can lead to potential complications. These include orchitis (swelling of the testicles) in males, which can lead to infertility, and oophoritis (ovarian inflammation) in females. Mumps can also result in viral meningitis, an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, causing symptoms such as headache, stiff neck, and fever. In rare cases, mumps can lead to hearing loss or other neurological issues.
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Prevention
The most effective way to prevent parotitis is through vaccination. The MMR vaccine, which protects against measles, mumps, and rubella, is routinely administered to children in two doses. This vaccine has significantly reduced the incidence of mumps and its complications in many parts of the world. Maintaining good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing and avoiding close contact with infected individuals, also helps prevent the spread of the virus.
Treatment
There is no specific antiviral treatment for parotitis. Management typically involves rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain relievers to alleviate symptoms. Cold or warm compresses on the swollen glands can provide some relief. In severe cases, hospitalization may be required, especially if complications arise.